Arjen Hoekstra


Name	Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Department	Water Engineering & Management
Room	Horst W-117
Phone	+ 31 53 489 3880
Fax	+ 31 53 489 5377
E-mail	a.y.hoekstra@ctw.utwente.nl
Position	Professor in Multidisciplinary Water Management

Postal address	Prof.dr.ir. A.Y. Hoekstra University of Twente Faculty of Engineering Technology Department of Water Engineering & Management P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
SHORT CV

Arjen Hoekstra (1967) is Professor in Multidisciplinary Water Management at the University of Twente and Scientific Director of the Water Footprint Network.

Hoekstra received his education at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, where he obtained an MSc degree, cum laude, in Civil Engineering and a PhD degree in Policy Analysis. He has working experience in various academic environments in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Having visited more than fifty countries throughout the world, Hoekstra has a broad international network. Hoekstra has been participating in and leading a variety of interdisciplinary research projects, involving a variety of disciplines: earth and environmental sciences, economics, engineering, anthropology, and policy sciences.

Hoekstra is creator of the water footprint concept (2002) and established the interdisciplinary field of water footprint and virtual water trade analysis, a research field addressing the relations between water management, consumption and trade [www.waterfootprint.org]. He was co-founder of the Water Footprint Network in 2008.

Hoekstra has been teaching in a variety of subjects, including: water resources management, river basin and coastal zone management, hydrology and water quality, sustainable development, natural resources valuation, environmental systems analysis, and policy analysis. He has developed various educational tools, including the River Basin Game and the Globalization of Water Role Play. His scientific publications cover a wide range of topics related to water management and include a large number of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. His books include Perspectives on Water (International Books, 1998) and Globalization of Water (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008).

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

International (peer-reviewed) journals

·	Oost, J. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Flood damage reduction by compartmentalization of a dike ring: comparing the effectiveness of three strategies, Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2: 315–321. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) Water footprint accounting, impact assessment, and life-cycle assessment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(40): E114. [Download]

·	Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) A global estimate of the water footprint of Jatropha curcas under limited data availability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(40): E113. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Van der Meer, T.H. (2009) The water footprint of Jatropha curcas under poor growing conditions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(42): E119. [Download]

·	Van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) The external water footprint of the Netherlands: Geographically-explicit quantification and impact assessment, Ecological Economics 69(1): 82-92. [Download]

Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Water security of nations: How international trade affects national water scarcity and dependency, In: Jones, J.A.A., Vardanian, T.G. and Hakopian, C., Threats to global water security, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Springer, Berlin, pp. 27-36 [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Human appropriation of natural capital: A comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis, Ecological Economics 68(7): 1963-1974.[Download]

·	Verma, S., Kampman, D.A., Van der Zaag, P. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Going against the flow: A critical analysis of inter-state virtual water trade in the context of India’s National River Linking Programme, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34: 261-269.[Download]

·	Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer. Th. (2009) The water footprint of energy from biomass: A quantitative assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bio-energy in energy supply, Ecological Economics, 68(4): 1052-1060. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and De Kok, J.L. (2008) Adapting to climate change: A comparison of two strategies for dike heightening, Natural Hazards, 47(2): 217–228. [Download]

·	De Hamer, W., Love, D., Owen, R., Booij, M.J. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) Potential water supply of a small reservoir and alluvial aquifer system in southern Zimbabwe, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 33(8-13): 633-639. [Download]

·	Van Oel, P.R., Krol, M.S., Hoekstra, A.Y. and De Araújo, J.C. (2008) The impact of upstream water abstractions on reservoir yield: the case of the Orós reservoir in Brazil, Hydrological Sciences Journal 53(4):857-867. [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) The global component of freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products, Water International, 33(1): 19-32. [Download]

·	Bijlsma, R.M., Groenendijk, P., Blind, M.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) Uncertainty analysis at large scales: limitations and subjectivity of current practices – a water quality case study, Water Science and Technology, 56(6): 1-9. [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands, Ecological Economics 64(1): 109-118. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities, Ecological Economics 64(1): 143-151. [Download]

·	Berrittella, M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Rehdanz, K., Roson, R. and Tol, R.S.J. (2007) The economic impact of restricted water supply: A computable general equilibrium analysis, Water Research 41(8): 1799-1813. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern, Water Resources Management, 21(1): 35-48.)

[Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G. and Gautam, R. (2006) The water footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries, Ecological Economics 60(1): 186-203 [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., and Savenije, H.H.G. (2006) Water saving through international trade of agricultural products, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10(3): 455-468 [Download]

·	J. Ma, A.Y. Hoekstra, H. Wang, A.K. Chapagain and D. Wang, (2006) ‘Virtual versus real water transfers within China’, The Royal Society 361, 835-842 [Download]

·	Van Ogtrop, F.F., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meulen, F. (2005) ‘Flood management in the Lower Incomati river basin, Mozambique: Two alternatives’ Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 41(3): 607-619 [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and P.Q. Hung (2005) ‘Globalisation of water resources: International virtual water flows in relation to crop trade’ Global Environmental Change 15(1): 45-56. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) 'Water scarcity in the Zambezi basin in the long-term future: A risk assessment' Integrated Assessment 4(3): 185-204. [Download]

·	Seyam, I.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., and Savenije, H.H.G. (2003) 'The water value-flow concept' Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28: 175-182. [Download]

·	Seyam, I.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., and Savenije, H.H.G. (2002) 'Calculation methods to assess the value of upstream water flows and storage as a function of downstream benefits' Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 27: 977-982. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G., and Chapagain, A.K. (2001) 'An integrated approach towards assessing the value of water: A case study on the Zambezi basin' Integrated Assessment 2(4):199-208. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2000) 'Water supply in the long term: a risk assessment' Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 25(3):221-226. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1998) 'Appreciation of water: Four perspectives' Water Policy 1(6):605-622. [Download]

Books

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. (www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/GlobWat_page)

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2005) Generalisme als specialisme: Waterbeheer in de context van duurzame ontwikkeling, globalisering, onzekerheden en risico’s, Inaugural address, University of Twente, Enschede. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1998) Perspectives on water: An integrated model-based exploration of the future International Books, Utrecht, ISBN 90 5727 018 8. [Download]

Book chapters

·	Bockarjova, M., Steenge, A.E. and Hoekstra A.Y., (2009) Management of flood catastrophes: An emerging paradigm shift?, In: Reinhard, S. and Folmer, H. (eds.), Water policy in the Netherlands: Integrated management in a densely populated area, RFF Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 70-90. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) The relation between international trade and water resources management, In: K.P. Gallagher (ed.) Handbook on trade and the environment, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 116-125. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) Virtual water: measuring flows around the world, In: Trimble, S.W. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Water Science, Taylor & Francis, New York. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) Water footprints: the water needs of people in relation to their consumption pattern, In: Trimble, S.W. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Water Science, Taylor & Francis, New York. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2005) 'Globalization of water' In: J.H. Lehr and J. Keeley (eds.) Water Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Water Quality and Resource Development, Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-73686-4.

·	Savenije, H.H.G. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2002) 'Water resources management' In: Knowledge for Sustainable Development: An insight into the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Vol. II, UNESCO Publishing, Paris, France / EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK, pp. 155-180.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Huynen, M. (2002) 'Balancing the world water demand and supply' In: P. Martens and J. Rotmans (eds.), Transitions in a globalising world, pp. 17-35, Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, the Netherlands.

·	Van de Giesen, N., Mata, L.J., Doll, P., Hoekstra, A., Pfeffer, M., and Ramirez, J.A. (2001) 'Modeling water availability: Scaling issues' In: E. Ehlers and T. Krafft (eds.), Understanding the Earth system: Compartments, processes and interactions, pp. 245-253, Springer, Berlin, Germany.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1997) 'The water submodel: AQUA' In: J. Rotmans and H.J.M. de Vries (eds.), pp. 107-134, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., Beusen, A.H.W., Hilderink, H.B.M., and Van Asselt, M.B.A. (1997) 'Water in crisis?' In: J. Rotmans and H.J.M. de Vries (eds.), pp. 291-317, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

·	Co-author of chapters 3, 11, 17, 18 and 19 in: J. Rotmans and H.J.M. de Vries (eds.) (1997) Perspectives on global change: The TARGETS approach Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 521 62176 3.

Hoekstra, A.Y. (1996) ‘Water policy and sustainable development: An integrated approach’ In: W. Fischer, C.R. Karger and F. Wendland (eds.) Wasser: Nachhaltige Gewinnung und Verwendung eines lebenswichtigen Rohstoffs Konferenzen des Forschungszentrums Jülich, Band 16, 231-255, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2005) 'Globalization of water' In: J.H. Lehr and J. Keeley (eds.) Water Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Water Quality and Resource Development, Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-73686-4.

(Selected) papers

·	De Kok, J.L. and Hoekstra, A. (2008) Aanpassen aan klimaatverandering: twee strategieën voor dijkverhoging, H₂O, 41(11): 35-38 [Download]

·	Van Reedt Dortland, M., De Fijter, W. and Hoekstra, A. (2008) Vluchtplaatsen in zelfredzame cellen als oplossing bij overstromingen, H₂O, 41(7): 50-54. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2005) ‘De water-voetafdruk van de Nederlanders en de wereldbevolking’, H₂O, 38(4): 37-41. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2004) ‘Eén kopje koffie kost gemiddeld 140 liter water’, H₂O, 37(5): 36-37. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘Globalisering van de hulpbron water’, H₂O, 36(20): 17-19. [Download]

Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G., and Chapagain, A.K. (2003) 'The value of rainfall: upscaling economic benefits to the catchment scale' In: Proceedings SIWI Seminar ‘Towards catchment hydrosolidarity in a world of uncertainties, Stockholm, August 16, 2003’, Report 18, Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, pp. 63-68.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘The role of virtual water transfer in water management’ Paper presented at the International Workshop on “European Water Scenarios: from the Mediterrenean Sea to Central Asia”, 30 June - 1 July 2003, Brussels, Belgium.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) Virtual water trade between nations: A global mechanism affecting regional water systems, Global Change News Letter, IGBP, Issue No.54, June 2003. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘Virtual water: An instrument in relieving the pressure on the world’s water resources?’ Stockholm Water Front, No.2, June 2003, p.5.

·	Agudelo, J.I. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2001) 'Valuing water for agriculture: Application to the Zambezi basin countries' Paper presented at the International Specialty Conference Globalization and Water Management: The Changing Value of Water, August 6-8, 2001, Dundee, Scotland.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2000) 'Integrated water modelling' 'Nachhaltige Wasserbewirtschaftung und Landnutzung: Methoden und Instrumente der Entscheidungsfinding und -umsetzung' UFZ-Bericht Nr.24/2000, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Leipzig, Germany.

Reports

·	Van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) The external water footprint of the Netherlands: Quantification and impact assessment, Value of Water Research Report Series No.33, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Kampman, D.A., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Krol, M.S. (2008) The water footprint of India, Value of Water Research Report Series No.32, UNESCO-IHE.

·	Verma, S., Kampman, D.A., Van der Zaag, P. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) Going against the flow: A critical analysis of virtual water trade in the context of India’s National River Linking Programme, Value of Water Research Report Series No.31, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Gerbens-Leenes, P.W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, Th.H. (2008) Water footprint of bio-energy and other primary energy carriers, Value of Water Research Report Series No.29, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) Water neutral: reducing and offsetting the impacts of water footprints, Value of Water Research Report Series No.28, UNESCO-IHE.

·	Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) Business water footprint accounting: A tool to assess how production of goods and services impacts on freshwater resources worldwide, Value of Water Research Report Series No.27, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Verkerk, M.P., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. (2008) Global water governance: Conceptual design of global institutional arrangements, Value of Water Research Report Series No.26, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Aldaya, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Allan, J.A. (2008) Strategic importance of green water in international crop trade, Value of Water Research Report Series No.25, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Van Oel, P.R., Krol, M.S. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) A river basin as a common-pool resource: a case study for the Jaguaribe basin in Brazil, Val ue of Water Research Report Series No.24,UNESCO-IHE [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) Human appropriation of natural capital: Comparing ecological footprint and water footprint analysis, Value of Water Research Report Series No.23, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2006) ‘The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.21, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2006) ‘The global dimension of water governance: Nine reasons for global arrangements in order to cope with local water problems’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.20, UNESCO-IHE. [download]

·	Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G. and Gautam, R. (2005) ‘The water footprint of cotton consumption’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.18, UNESCO-IHE. [download]

·	Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Savenije, H.H.G. (2005) ‘Saving water through global trade’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.17, UNESCO-IHE. [download]

·	Berrittella, M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Rehdanz, K., Roson, R., and Tol, R.S.J. (2005) The economic impact of restricted water supply: A computable general equilibrium analysis, Working Paper FNU-93, Hamburg University and Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Hamburg.

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2004) ‘Water footprints of nations’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.16 Volume 1, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2004) ‘Water footprints of nations’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.16 Volume 2, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘The water needed to have the Dutch drink tea’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.15, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘The water needed to have the Dutch drink coffee’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.14, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Douven, W.J.A.M., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van Hofwegen, P.J.M. (2003) MRC Integrated Training Strategy and Programme, Mekong River Commission, June 2003.

·	Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘Virtual water flows between nations in relation to international trade in livestock and livestock products’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.13, UNESCO-IHE. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (ed.) (2003) ‘Virtual water trade: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, Delft, The Netherlands, 12-13 December 2002’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, IHE Delft. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and Hung, P.Q. (2002) ‘Virtual water trade: a quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.11, IHE Delft. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., Olde Venterink, H., Ruijgh, E.F.W., and Van der Lee, G.E.M. (2002) 'Evaluation of floodplain management strategies: The added value of wetland rehabilitation' IHE Delft.

·	Seyam, I.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., and Savenije, H.H.G. (2001) 'Calculation methods to assess the value of upstream water flows and storage as a function of downstream benefits' Value of Water Research Report Series No.10, IHE Delft. [Download]

·	Seyam, I.M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Ngabirano, G.S., and Savenije, H.H.G. (2001) 'The value of freshwater wetlands in the Zambezi basin' Value of Water Research Report Series No.7, IHE Delft.

[Download]

·	Agudelo, J.I. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2001) ‘The economic valuation of water for agriculture: A simple method applied to the eight Zambezi basin countries’ Value of Water Research Report Series No.6, IHE Delft. [Download]

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., W.J.A.M. Douven and E.H. Meesters (2001) ‘The influence of human activities on the coral reefs in Banten Bay, West Java’ Teluk Banten Research Program Report Series No. 6, IHE, Delft.

·	Seyam, I.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2000) 'The water value-flow concept' Value of Water Research Report Series No.3, IHE Delft.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G., and Chapagain, A.K. (2000) 'Water value flows: A case study on the Zambezi basin' Value of Water Research Report Series No.2, IHE Delft.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and G. Baarse (eds.) (1998) 'Managing diffuse emissions of nutrients in the Rhine basin' Delft University of Technology.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1995) AQUA: A framework for integrated water policy analysis RIVM Report No. 461502006 / GLOBO Report Series no. 6, RIVM, Bilthoven.

Rotmans, J., M.B.A. van Asselt, A.J. de Bruin, M.G.J. den Elzen, J.de Greef, H. Hilderink, A.Y. Hoekstra, M.A. Janssen, H.W. Koster, W.J.M. Martens, L.W. Niessen and H.J.M. de Vries (1994) Global change and sustainable development: A modelling perspective for the next decade GLOBO Report Series no. 4, RIVM, Bilthoven.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and M. Hogeweg (1993) EQUEST, Ecological Quality Evaluation System: Documentation Delft Hydraulics.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1993) A scientific framework for the planning of sustainable water resources management Report T635, Delft Hydraulics & IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.

·	Eijsink, W.D., A.Y. Hoekstra and F.M.J. Hoozemans (1992) Nederlandse slufters Report H1464, Delft Hydraulics.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and G.B.M. Pedroli (1992) Sluftervorming en natuurontwikkeling Report T857, Delft Hydraulics.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (1992) Kwantificering van ecologische kwaliteit Report T720, Delft Hydraulics.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. and A.A.M. de Savornin Lohman (1990) Integrated system for measuring the quality and quantity of water resources in Indonesia M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology.

Lecture Notes

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2005) ‘Sustainable development’ UNESCO-IHE.

·	Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003) ‘Natural resources valuation’ UNESCO-IHE.